A Comparative Study Of Socio-Economic Status And Living Conditions Among Residents Of Wanaheda Formal And Hakahana Informal Settlement

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................................................. iii

DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................. v

DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. vi

CHAPTER ONE: Orientation of the study .......................................................................................1

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the problem.........................................................................................................3

1.3 Research objectives .................................................................................................................3

1.4 Research questions ..................................................................................................................4

1.5 Significance of the study ..........................................................................................................4

1.6 Limitations of the study ...........................................................................................................5

CHAPTER TWO: Theoretical Framework and Literature Review ..................................................6

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................6

2.2 Informal settlements and poverty ............................................................................................6

2.3 Origins of informal settlements in Namibia .............................................................................9

2.4 Push and Pull Factors and Rural to Urban Migration ........................................................... 13

2.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 17

CHAPTER THREE: Research Design and Methodology ............................................................... 18

3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 18

3.2 Research design ..................................................................................................................... 18

3.3 Population ............................................................................................................................. 18

3.4 Sample, sampling procedures and sample size ....................................................................... 18

3.5 Research instruments ............................................................................................................ 19

3.6 The questionnaire .................................................................................................................. 19

3.8 Procedure .............................................................................................................................. 19

3.9 Procedures for data collection ............................................................................................... 20

3.10 Data analysis ........................................................................................................................ 20

3.11 Research ethics .................................................................................................................... 20

3.12 Confidentiality ..................................................................................................................... 21

3.13 Right to privacy ................................................................................................................... 21

3.14 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 21

CHAPTER FOUR : Presentation of Data/Research Findings ......................................................... 22

4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 22

4.2 Location of the settlements .................................................................................................... 22

4.3 Demographic characteristics ................................................................................................. 22

4.4 Available services .................................................................................................................. 27

4.5 The sources of Energy used in Hakahana and Wanaheda...................................................... 28

4.6 Livelihood Systems ............................................................................................................ 30

4.7 Ownership of electrical appliance ...................................................................................... 33

4.8 Average number of people per households ......................................................................... 34

4.9 Ownership of vehicles ........................................................................................................ 34

4.10 Money spent on a daily basis ............................................................................................ 34

4.11 Level of Education ........................................................................................................... 35

4.12 The level of sanitation in Hakahana and Wanaheda ........................................................ 37

4.13 A comparison of how respondents obtained building materials in Wanaheda and Hakahana.................................................................................................................................... 38

4.14 The level of financial expenses per day by Wanaheda and Hakahana .................................. 39

4.15 Strategies to deal with informal settlements ......................................................................... 39

4.16 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 39

CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion of Findings ....................................................................................... 41

5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 41

5.2 Discussion of findings ............................................................................................................ 41

5.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 45

CHAPTER SIX: Summary and Recommendations ........................................................................ 46

6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 46

6.2 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 46

6.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 48

6.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 49

6.5 Directions for Future Research .............................................................................................. 49

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 50

APPENDIX 1 .................................................................................................................................. 55

APPENDIX 2 .................................................................................................................................. 66

APPENDIX 3 .................................................................................................................................. 67

APPENDIX 4: HAKAHANA MAP ................................................................................................. 72

APPENDIX 5: WANAHEDA MAP ................................................................................................