AN INVESTIGATION INTO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY THEFT AND INDUSTRIAL ESPIONAGE IN UGANDA

TABlE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................. ii

DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................................. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................................. v

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................. 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE STUD¥ ............................................................................................ 1

1.1 Introduction of the Study ................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Background of the Study .................................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................................... 4

1.4 0bjectives of the Study ........................................................................................................................ 5

1.4.1. Primary Objective ............................................................................................................................ 5

1.4.2. Secondary objectives ...................................................................................................................... 5

1.5. Research Questions ............................................................................................................................ 6

1.6. Scope of the Study ............................................................................................................................. 6

1.7. Significance of the Study ................................................................................................................... 6

1.8. Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 6

1.9. Literature Review ................................................................................................................................ ?

1.10. Chapterisation ................................................................................................................................. 15

CHAPTER TW0 .......................................................................................................................................... 16

2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 16

2.2 Meaning of the concept of Intellectual Property ........................................................................... 16

2.3 Origin and development of the concept of Intellectual Property ................................................ 16

2.3.1 Origins .............................................................................................................................................. 16

2.3.2 Development ................................................................................................................................... 18

2.4 Types of Intellectual Property .......................................................................................................... 19

2.4.1 Copyright. ......................................................................................................................................... 19

2.4.2 ........................................................................................................................................... 20

2.4.3 Trade Secrets .................................................................................................................................. 21

2.4.4 Trade Marks ..................................................................................................................................... 21

2.4.5 Industrial Design ............................................................................................................................. 22

2.4.6 Geographical Indication ............................................................................................................ : .... 23

2.5 The Benefits of Intellectual Property .............................................................................................. 24

2.5.1 Benefit to an Individual ................................................................................................................. 24

. 2.5.2 Benefit to the Economy ................................................................................................................. 24

2.5.3 Benefit to the Society ..................................................................................................................... 26

2.5.4 Benefit to Corporate Entities .................................................................................................... : .... 27

2.6 Problems and Challenges facing Intellectual Property Protection .............................................. 27

2. 7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 29

CHAPTER THREE ....................................................................................................................................... 30

3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 30

3.2 Meaning of Intellectual Property Theft and Industrial Espionage .............................................. 30

3.2.1 Intellectual Property Theft ........................................................................................... : ................ 30

3.2.2 Industrial espionage ....................................................................................................................... 30

3.3 Origins of Intellectual Property Theft and Industrial Espionage ................................................. 31

3.3.1 The 20th Century ............................................................................................................................ 31

3.3.2 Industrial Espionage during the Cold War .................................................................................. 32

3.3.3 Notable cases .................................................................................................................................. 32

3.4 Development of Intellectual Property Theft and Industrial Espionage ...................................... 35

3.5 Types of Intellectual Property Theft ............................................................................................... 37

3.5.1 Patent Violations ............................................................................................................................. 37

3.5.2 Trade Secrets Theft ........................................................................................................................ 37

3.5.3. Trademark Violations .................................................................................................................... 39

3.5.4 Copyright Infringement ................................................................................................................. 40

3.5.5 Cyber Theft ...................................................................................................................................... 41

3.6 The Impact of Intellectual Property Theft and Industrial Espionage in Uganda and the World ........................................................ 42

3.6.1 Impact in Uganda ........................................................................................................................... 42

3.6.2 Impact on the world at large ........................................................................................................ 43

3.7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 44

4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 45

4.2 International Legal Frameworks and Institutions ......................................................................... 45

4.2.1 The Berne Convention ................................................................................................................... 45

4.2.2 World Intellectual Property Organization .................................................................................... 46

4.2.3 The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) ........... .48

4.2.4 PCT-The Patent Cooperation Treaty ............................................................................................ 49

4.2.4 Madrid System ...................................................................... ., ........................................................ 51

4.3 Regional Legal Framework and Institution ............. ., ..................................................................... 52

4.4 Laws that Establish WIPO, ARIPO and the Uganda Registration Service Bureau .................... 52

4.4.1 WIPO ............................................................................................................................................... 52

4.4.2 ARIP0 ............................................................................................................................................... 53

4.4.3 Uganda Registration Service Bureau ......................................................... : ................................. 54

4.5 National Legal Frameworks and Institutions .................................................................................. 54

4.5.1 General History of Intellectual Property in Uganda ................................................................... 54

4.4.2 Uganda's Intellectual Property Law ........................................................................... : ................ 55

4.5. Litigation Trends in Intellectual Property Theft and Espionage ................................................. 57

4.5.1 East Africa ........................................................................................................................................ 57

4.5.2 South Africa ..................................................................................................................................... 59

4.5.3 United Kingdom ............................................................................................................................ 59

4.6. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 60

CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................................... 61

5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 61

5.2 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 61

5.5.3 Recommendations .............................................................................................................................. 62

5.3.1. Legislative Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 62

5.3.1. A. Address deficiencies in the Copyright Act, 2006 .................................................................. 62

5.3.1. B. Recommendations: ................................................................................................................... 63

5.3.2 Improve and expedite civil enforcement procedures, and procedures with respect to the Trademarks Act, 1953 ........................... 63

5.3.2.A. Recommendations: ................................................................................................................... 64

5.3.3 Grant powers to the ACA to settle matters out of court under the Anti- Counterfeit Bill, 2008............................................. 64

5.3.3.A Recommendations: ...................................................................................................................... 65

5.3.4 Policy Recommendations ....................................................... : ....................................................... 65

5.4 Establish an inter-agency approach between the different Uganda Agencies administering and enforcing IP rights ..........................................65

5.4.1. Recommendations: ..................................................................................... 65

5.5 Establish an inter-agency approach with private sector coordination .................................... 67

5.5.1. Recommendations: ........................................................................................................................ 67

5.6 Expand IP-related administrative and technical capacity building ............................................. 68

5.6.1. Recommendations: ........................................................................................................................ 68

5.7 Increase public and political awareness of counterfeiting and piracy and the associated economic and social harm ...........................................68

5.7.1. Recommendations: ........................................................................................................................ 69

BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 70