EXTRACTION OF HEAVY METALS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT SPECIES OF PERIWINKLE PURCHASED WITHIN CALABAR METROPOLIS, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

Periwinkles are invertebrates belonging to the phylum Mollusca and are usually found in Creeks, lagoons and mangrove swamps. They are cheap sources of protein and they have a wide range of health benefits. The present investigation was carried out to determine the concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Ca and Pb) in different species of Periwinkle (Pachymelania byronensis, Pachymelania aurita and Tympanotonus fuscatus) gotten from Jebs and Ikang creeks both of Calabar metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria. Different Periwinkle samples ranging from 2.5-4.9cm in lenth and 2.0-3.8cm in weight were purchased from both creeks. The samples were transported in sterile polythene bag to the microbiology laboratory of Cross River University of Technology, Calabar for further analysis. Heavy metal analysis was done using UV-visible spectrophotometer. The results showed that Iron had the highest concentration followed by copper, calcium, zinc and lead from all the species of Periwinkle gotten Jebs creek. The Periwinkle gotten from Ikang creek showed a high concentration of Iron, Calcium, Copper, Zinc and Lead respectively. The result from comparing the heavy metal concentration in the different species and creeks reveals that P. byronensis gotten from Ikang creek had a higher concentration of all the heavy metals aside lead while P.aurita gotten from Jebs creek had a higher concentration of all heavy metals aside zinc. T. fuscatus from Ikang creek showed a high concentration of zinc, iron and calcium when compared to those from Jebs creek. The results revealed that Ikang creek had a high concentration of Zinc, iron and calcium metals when compared to the results from Jebs creeks. On the other hand, Jebs creeks had higher concentration oof copper and lead when compared to Ikang creek. Statistical analysis reveals that there were significant difference between the different concentration of heavy metals extracted from the different species of Periwinkle and creeks (P > 0.05). This study reveals a high concentration of heavy metals in Periwinkle from both creeks which shows that long term consumption of Periwinkle from booth creeks might be hazardous. Therefore, precautionary measures should be observed to minimize the consumption of Periwinkle and sea food containing heavy metals.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE-           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           i

CERTIFICATION     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           ii

DEDICATION           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           iii        

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           iv

ABSTRACT   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           v

TABLE OF CONTENTS       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           vi

LIST OF TABLES     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           ix

LIST OF FIGURES   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           x

CHAPTER ONE

1.1        INTRODUCTION     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           1

1.2        Aim of the study         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           2

1.3        Objectives of the study           -           -           -           -           -           -           2

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       Periwinkle       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           3

2.2       Species of Periwinkle  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           3

2.2.1    Tympanotonus fuscatus var fuscatus   -           -           -           -           -           3

2.2.2    Tympanotonus fuscatus var radual     -           -           -           -           -           3

2.2.3    Pachymelania aurita   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           4

2.3       Taxonomic Classification of Periwinkle         -           -           -           -           4

2.4       Geographical Distribution of Periwinkle        -           -           -           -           4

2.5       Nutritional Benefits of Periwinkle      -           -           -           -           -           5

2.5.1    Omega 3 fatty acids    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           5

2.5.2    Calcium           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           5

2.5.3    Selenium         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           6

2.5.4    Magnesium      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           6

2.5.5    Protein             -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           7

2.5.6    Iron and Phosphorus   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           7

2.5.7    Vitamins          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           7

2.6       Health Benefits of Periwinkle-           -           -                       -           -           7

2.6.1    Improves memory       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           7

2.6.2    Prevents Heart-related Diseases         -           -           -           -           -           7

2.6.3    Reduces low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides    -           -           -           8

2.6.4    Improves healthy eyes-           -           -           -           -           -           -           8

2.6.5    Healthy fetus  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           8

2.7       Heavy Metals Pollution in Aquatic Environment       -           -           -           8

2.7.1    Types of Heavy Metals           -           -           -           -           -           -           8

2.7.1.1 Lead (Pb)        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           8

2.7.1.2 Iron (Fe)          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           9

2.7.1.3 Zinc (Zn)         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           9

2.7.1.4 Calcium (Ca)   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           9

2.7.1.5 Copper (Cu)    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           10

2.8       Disease Caused by the Consumption of Periwinkle Contaminated with Heavy Metals-           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           10

2.8.1    Cancer-           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           10

2.8.2    Neurological Disorders           -           -           -           -           -           -           11

2.8.3    Brain Disorders           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           11

2.8.4    Renal Disorders          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           11

2.8.5    Anemia            -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           12

2.9       Different Factors Leading to the Deposition of Heavy Metals in Marine Environment   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           12

2.10     Prevention and Control of Diseases Caused by Heavy Metal Contamination13

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       MATERIALS AND METHODS     -           -           -           -           -           15

3.1       Study Area      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           15

3.2       Collection and Transportation of Samples      -           -           -           -           15

3.3       Processing of Samples for Bacteriological Examination        -           -           16

3.3.1    Preparation of Culture Media-           -           -           -           -           -           16

3.3.2    Determination of Total Bacteria Count and Total Coliform Count   -           16

3.3.3    Purification and Characterization of Isolates-           -           -           -           16

3.4       Materials         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           16

3.5       Preparation of Samples for Analysis   -           -           -           -           -           16

3.6       Digestion of Periwinkle Samples        -           -           -           -           -           17

3.7       Methodology for Heavy Metals Analysis Using UV-visible Spectrophotometer17

3.7.1    Lead Test        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           17

3.7.2    Total Iron        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           18

3.7.3    Calcium           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           18

3.7.4    Copper-           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           19

3.7.5    Zinc     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           19

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       RESULTS       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           20

4.1       Bacteriological Analysis Results         -           -           -           -           -           20

4.2       Heavy Metal Concentration in Periwinkle gotten from Jebs Creek   -           20

4.3       Heavy Metal Concentration in Periwinkle gotten from Ikang Creek-           21

4.4       Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Different Species of Periwinkle from both Creeks-           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           21

4.5       Comparative Analysis of Different Species of Periwinkle for Heavy Metals in Comparison with the Different Creeks Analyzed      -           -           -           22

4.6       Distribution of Heavy Metals in both Creeks.            -           -           -           22

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1       Discussion       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           33

5.2       Conclusion      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           34

5.3       Recommendation        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           35 

Reference        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           36

LIST OF TABLES

Tables                                     Title                                                                                        page

Table 1:          Heavy Metal Analysis of P. byronensis from Jebs Creek using UV-Spectrophotometer          -           -           -           -           -           23

Table 2:          Heavy Metal Analysis of P. aurita from Jebs Creek using  UV-Spectrophotometer          -           -           -           -           -           24

Table 3:          Heavy Metal Analysis of T. fuscatus from Jebs Creek using UV-Spectrophotometer          -           -           -           -           -           25

Table 4:          Heavy Metal Analysis of P. byronensis from Ikang Creek using UV-Spectrophotometer          -           -           -           -           -           26

Table 5:          Heavy Metal Analysis of P. aurita from Ikang Creek using UV-Spectrophotometer          -           -           -           -           -           27

Table 6:          Heavy Metal Analysis of T. fuscatus from Ikang Creek using UV-Spectrophotometer          -           -           -           -           -           28

Table 7:          Distribution of Heavy Metals in Jebs Creek   -           -           -           29

Table 8:          Distribution of Heavy Metals in Ikang Creek.           -           -           29

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures                       Title                                                                                                    page

 

Fig. 1:             Bar Chart Showing the Distribution of Heavy Metals in Some Selected

Species of Periwinkle gotten from Jebs Creek           -           -           30

 

Fig. 2:             Bar Chart Showing the Distribution of Heavy Metals in Some Selected

Species of Periwinkle gotten from Ikang Creek         -           -           31

 

Fig. 3:            Bar Chart Showing the Total Distribution of Heavy Metals Obtained from

both Creeks.    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           32