Design of a Sanitary Landfill for Kapchorwa Central Division

ABSTRACT 

The study was to design a sanitary landfill in Kapchorwa central division to curb the problem of improper solid waste disposal. According to the study that was conducted within the municipality; it was found out that the municipality majorly had four main sources at which the solid wastes are generated; Residential wastes, Commercial wastes and Institutional wastes Qualitative data was collected to know the characteristics of solid wastes whereas quantitative data was used to measure the waste generation rates, population size, recoverable wastes and all other phenomena that can be quantified. The sample size of the population was taken as the number of people living in Kapchorwa central division and the rate of population growth was taken equal to that of the whole district as per the 2018 population census according to the Uganda national bureau of statistics (UNBS). The study was able to come up with suitable waste management options that would help with the problem of waste management in the area. Among others, the major ones include the following; reducing the rate of waste production, or reduce the amount generated, reduction in the negative impacts of the waste that is generated by proper waste disposal, recovery of wastes in different forms i.e. the materials recovered from the waste stream for recycling into new products, recovering materials for reuse, recovering energy by incineration, anaerobic digestion, or similar processes, reducing the volume of waste prior to disposal and disposal of residual solid waste in an environmentally sound manner, specifically in landfills. For the recovery practice to be practicable, the government should provide market for the materials recovered from the solid wastes in order to inspire the local people to recover materials like plastics, metals, ceramics, and glass. This can be reused directly the way they are, or recycled into other valuable products.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ..........................................................................................................i

APPROVAL ............................................................................................................... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................. iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. iv

LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................viii

LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................... ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................... x

ABASTRACT ............................................................................................................ xi

CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................1

1.1 Background........................................................................................................1

1.2 Problem statement..............................................................................................1

1.3 Project justification .............................................................................................3

1.4 Scope ................................................................................................................4

1.5 Significance of the study .....................................................................................5

CHAPTER TWO...................................................................................................6

LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................6

2.1 The sanitary land fill............................................................................................6

2.2 Types of sanitary landfill......................................................................................7

2.2.1 Mechanized sanitary landfill ..............................................................................7

2.2.2 Semi-mechanized sanitary landfill......................................................................8

2.2.3 Manual sanitary landfill.....................................................................................8

2.3 Construction methods for a sanitary landfill...........................................................8

2.3.1 Trench method ................................................................................................8

2.3.2 Area method .............................................................................................................. 9

2.3.3 Combination of both methods to construct a sanitary landfill ............................. 10

2.4 Landfill Facilities ............................................................................................... 10

2.4.1 The Operations Facilities................................................................................. 11

2.4.2 The Management Facilities.............................................................................. 11

2.4.3 The Supporting Facilities................................................................................. 11

2.5 Landfill designed lifespan................................................................................... 13

2.6 Specifications and minimum standards for landfills. ............................................. 13

2.7 Site Selection Criteria ........................................................................................ 17

2.7.1 Topography................................................................................................... 18

2.7.2 Accessibility ................................................................................................... 18

2.7.3 Adjacent Land Use ......................................................................................... 18

2.7.4 Participation of local authorities....................................................................... 19

2.7.5 Participation of the inhabitants ........................................................................ 19

2.7.6 Analysis of environmental impacts ................................................................... 19

2.7.7 Land-use plan or land regulating plan .............................................................. 19

2.7.8 Location ........................................................................................................ 19

2.7.9 Other factors ................................................................................................. 20

2.8 Plans associated with landfill projects include:..................................................... 21

2.9 Site layout........................................................................................................ 21

2.10 Future use of the sanitary landfill ..................................................................... 22

2.11 Differential sinking and settling. ....................................................................... 23

2.12 Advantages and disadvantages of a sanitary landfill........................................... 23

CHAPTER THREE..............................................................................................25

METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................25

3.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 25

3.1 Basic requirements during research.................................................................... 25

3.1.1 Quality control ............................................................................................... 25

3.1.2 Ethical values ................................................................................................ 25

3.1.3 Environmental values ..................................................................................... 25

3.2 Research design. .............................................................................................. 26

3.3 Sample size...................................................................................................... 26

3.4 Data collection and analysis ............................................................................... 26

3.5 Data presentation ............................................................................................. 27

3.6 Amount of wastes generated /or Waste generation rate....................................... 27

3.7 Recoverable materials ....................................................................................... 27

3.7.1 Reuse ........................................................................................................... 28

3.7.2 Recycling....................................................................................................... 28

3.8 Determine the size of the landfill........................................................................ 28

3.9 Design leachate collection and storage facility. .................................................... 29

CHAPTER FOUR ...............................................................................................30

RESULTS..........................................................................................................30

4.1 Sources and the Types of Solid Waste Generated. ............................................... 30

4.2 Amount of wastes generated in the study area.................................................... 31

4.2.1 The waste quantities and composition ............................................................. 31

4.2.2 Amount of wastes generated per day............................................................... 32

4.3 The recoverable amount of waste. ..................................................................... 33

4.3.1 Ways how waste materials can be reused; ....................................................... 34

4.4 Size of landfill (volume and area) ....................................................................... 34

4.4.1 Population projection for Kapchorwa central division ......................................... 34

4.4.2 Waste generation projection for the design population ...................................... 36

4.4.3 Landfill design criteria .................................................................................... 37

4.4.4 Volume of waste, volume of daily cover, and the volume required for the components of cover and liner system. ..................... 37

4.4.5 Area required for the landfill and other facilities................................................ 38

4.4.6 Design of landfill phases ................................................................................. 39

4.5 Landfill liner design........................................................................................... 40

4.5.1 Bottom Liner system design ............................................................................ 40

4.5.2 Landfill liner layers above the wastes............................................................... 41

4.5.3 Final Cover Design ......................................................................................... 41

4.6 Leachate quantities, Leachate collection design, Storage tank design, and Treatment plant ..................................... 42

4.6.1 Quantities of leachate generated from the landfill ............................................. 42

4.6.2 Leachate storage tank design.......................................................................... 44

4.6.3 Design of the Leachate Collection pipe network System .................................... 46

4.6.4 Leachate Collection Pipe network .................................................................... 47

4.6.5 Leachate Sump (Retention pit)........................................................................ 48

4.6.6 Removal and Storage of the Leachate.............................................................. 49

4.6.7 Leachate treatment and disposal..................................................................... 49

CHAPTER FIVE.................................................................................................51

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..........................................................51

5.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 51

5.2 RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................................... 51

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 53

APPENDICES.......................................................................................................... 55

Appendix 1: Landfill liner layers below the compacted wastes .................................... 55

Appendix 2: landfill liner layers above the compacted solid wastes ............................. 56

Appendix 3: leachate collection pipe system layer out................................................ 57

Appendix 4: Leachate collection layer cross section ................................................... 58

Appendix 5: Budget................................................................................................ 59