Evaluating The Effectiveness of the Existing Bio Sand Filters to Remove Pathogens and Suspended Particles in Water and Provide Safe Water Orom Sub-County (Kitgum District).

Contents

DECLARATION....................................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL............................................................................................................................. ii

DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................ iv

LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................. ix

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ x

ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................. xi

ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................... xii

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 1

1.0 Background.................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Problem Statement....................................................................................................... 3

1.2 Objectives of the Research.......................................................................................... 3

1.2.1 General objective....................................................................................................... 3

1.2.2. Specific objectives .................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Research Questions ...................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Justification .................................................................................................................... 3

1.5 Scope of the Study ....................................................................................................... 4

1.5.1 Subject scope............................................................................................................. 4

1.5.2 Geographical scope ................................................................................................... 4

1.5.3 Sample size................................................................................................................. 5

1.5.4 Time frame ................................................................................................................. 5

1.5.5 Financial scope........................................................................................................... 6

1.6 Significance .................................................................................................................... 6

1.7 Delimitations .................................................................................................................. 6

1.8 Limitations...................................................................................................................... 7

Tumusakye Sharon & Oyokarach Job Douglash vi

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................ 8

2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 8

2.1 Water Quality................................................................................................................. 9

2.1.1. Microbiological quality ............................................................................................. 9

2.1.2. Physical tests........................................................................................................... 10

2.1.3. Chemical tests......................................................................................................... 11

2.2. Health effects of drinking unsafe water or untreated water............................... 14

2.3. Household Water Treatment.................................................................................... 15

2.3.1. Characteristics of an effective POU water treatment technology ................... 15

2.3.2. Common POU Water Treatment Technologies.................................................. 16

2.3.2.2. Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS); ................................................................... 17

2.3.2.3. Ceramic Filters (fired clay) ................................................................................ 19

2.3.2.3. Flocculation and disinfection systems.............................................................. 21

2.3.2.4. Solar distillation................................................................................................... 22

2.3.2.5. Activated charcoal absorption........................................................................... 23

2.3.2.6. Chemical disinfection.......................................................................................... 24

2.3.2.7. Biosand filtration ................................................................................................. 27

2.4. Bio-Sand Filtration ..................................................................................................... 27

2.4.1. Biosand filter development ................................................................................... 27

2.4.2. Biosand filter components..................................................................................... 28

2.4.3 Types of Biosand filters .......................................................................................... 29

2.5. Advantages and limitations of using Biosand filters............................................. 30

2.5.1. Advantages; ............................................................................................................ 30

2.5.2 Limitations of Biosand filters.................................................................................. 30

2.6. Operation and Maintenance..................................................................................... 31

2.6.1. Biosand Filter Operation........................................................................................ 31

2.6.2. Maintaining the Biosand Filter.............................................................................. 33

Tumusakye Sharon & Oyokarach Job Douglash vii

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 34

3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 34

3.1 Sampling....................................................................................................................... 34

3.2. Sample size................................................................................................................. 34

3.3 Data Collection Techniques........................................................................35

3.3.3. Questionnaires;....................................................................................................... 35

CHAPTER FOUR FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS...................................... 41

4.0. Introduction................................................................................................................ 41

4.1. WATER QUALITY TEST............................................................................................. 41

4.1.2. Discussion of the water quality test results ....................................................... 43

4.1.2.1. Turbidity ............................................................................................................... 43

4.1.3. Microbial Results..................................................................................................... 44

4.1.3.2. Total Coliform Results ........................................................................................ 45

4.1.4. Chemical Test Results............................................................................................ 46

4.1.5. Conclusion for the water quality test results ..................................................... 49

4.2. EFFECTS OF USERS’ PRACTICES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BIOSAND

FILTERS............................................................................................................................... 50

Discussion of the physical observation results.............................................................. 51

4.2.1.1. Spouts Attachment ............................................................................................. 51

4.2.1.2. Diffuser Plate and basin..................................................................................... 52

4.2.1.3. Sand Layer........................................................................................................... 53

4.2.1.4. Water level........................................................................................................... 54

4.2.1.5. Cracks in Concrete Body.................................................................................... 55

4.2.1.6. Filters’ lids ............................................................................................................ 55

4.2.2. Questionnaire Results............................................................................................ 55

4.3.1.1. Turbidity;.............................................................................................................. 59

4.3.1.2. E. Coli and Total Coliform;................................................................................. 60

4.3.2 Hand dug well .......................................................................................................... 60

Tumusakye Sharon & Oyokarach Job Douglash viii

4.3.2.1. Turbidity;.............................................................................................................. 61

4.3.2.2. E. Coli and Total Coliform;................................................................................. 61

4.3.3. Unprotected spring................................................................................................. 61

4.3.3.1. Turbidity;.............................................................................................................. 62

4.3.3.2.E. Coli and Total Coliform;.................................................................................. 62

4.3.4. Protected springs.................................................................................................... 62

4.3.4.1. Turbidity;.............................................................................................................. 63

4.3.4. 2. E. Coli and Total Coliform; ............................................................................... 63

4.4. Chlorine Tables ......................................................................................................... 64

4.5. Cost Analysis ............................................................................................................. 64

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................... 65

5.1. Conclusion................................................................................................................... 65

5.2. Recommendations for Action................................................................................... 65

REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 67

APPENDICES....................................................................................................................... 69

APPENDIX 1: WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR TURBIDITY AND pH ..... 69

APPENDIX 2: WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR MICROBIAL AND IRON. 70

APPENDIX 3. QUESTIONNAIRE FOR HOUSEHOLD USING BIOSAND FILTERS ....... 71

 KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY........................ 71

PHYSICAL OBSERVATION BY THE RESEACHER ........................................................... 73

APPENDIX 4. WATER QUALITY SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS FORM FOR RAW WATER

FROM THE COLLECTION CONTAINER/ JERRICANS .................................................... 75

SAMPLING DATA................................................................................................................ 75

APPENDIX 5 WATER QUALITY SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS FORM FOR FILTERED

WATER ................................................................................................................................ 76