EXTRACTION AND ISOLATION OF ALKALOIDS FROM ASYSTASIA GANGETICA (CHINESE VIOLET)

ABSTRACT

 Alkaloids are bioactive material mainly obtained from plant with pharmacological activities of one kind or another. The main aim of the present study was to extract and isolate alkaloid from Asystasia gangetica. The extraction of alkaloids from Asystasia gangetica was carried out with methanol using Soxhlet apparatus. Isolation was then followed by fractionating using acid and base in a separating funnel. The percentage alkaloid was determined and the phytochemicals screening were performed followed by TLC analysis. The result gave a percentage composition of alkaloid of 0.41% and the methanol extract showed the presence of bioactive compounds which are alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, phenolic compounds, eugenol and terpenoids confirming that alkaloids and other bioactive materials were present. The TLC results also gave two spots with selected solvent ratio indicating the probable presence of at least two different types of alkaloid in the plant (Asystasia gangetica). Conclusively, many alkaloids in small quantities remedies vast health problems while in large quantities they consequently lead to several health issues and even fatality; accordingly, the amount of alkaloids present in a plant is of a major concern since most alkaloids are generally harmful in large quantity.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover Page i

Certification iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgements v

Table of content vi

Abstract ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Literature Review 3

1.3 Occurrence 7

1.4 Alkaloid Classification 8

1.5 Physiochemical Properties 10

1.6 Presence of Amino acid as 11

 Biosynthetic Material 

1.7 Solubility of Alkaloids 12

1.8 Alkalinity of Alkaloids 13

1.9 Some Uses and Application of Alkaloids 14

1.10 Adverse Effect of Alkaloids 15

1.11 Extraction, Isolation and Purification of Alkaloids 16

1.11.1 Extraction of Alkaloids from Plants 16

1.11.2 Isolation of Alkaloids 21

1.11.3 Purification of Alkaloids 30

1.12 Some Test for Alkaloids 32

1.13 Asystasia gangetica 33

1.13.1 Description 34

1.13.2 Distribution 35

1.13.3 Ecological Significance 36

1.13.4 Phytochemical Properties of Asystasia 37

1.13.5 Pharmacological and Physiochemical 38

 Effect of Asystasia gangetica 

1.13.6 Some Use and Application of Asystasia 39

1.14 Scope 40

1.15 Objective 40

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Materials and Method 41

2.1 Materials 41

2.1.1 Apparatus 41

2.1.2 Reagents 42

2.2 Method 43

2.2.1 Reagent’s Preparation 43

2.2.2 Sample Collection 44

2.2.3 Sample preparation 44

2.2.4 Extraction of crude content of the Plant 44

2.2.5 Phytochemical Screening 45

2.2.6 Isolation of Alkaloid 47

2.3 Analysis of the Organic and Aqueous Phase 48

2.4 Percentage of Alkaloid 48

2.5 Thin Layer Chromatography of Alkaloid 49

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Results and discussion 50

3.1 Results 50

3.1.1 Extraction Result 50

3.1.2 Percentage of Alkaloid 50

3.1.3 Phytochemical Screening Result 51

3.1.4 Thin Layer Chromatography Result 52

3.2 Discussion 54

3.3 Conclusion 56

3.4 Recommendation 57

3.5 References 58

3.6 Appendix 62