.Implications~Of Water Scarcity On The Environment. A Case Study Of Kisarawe Village, Kisarawe District

ABSTRACT:

Water is a basic natural resource that sustains life and economic development. It is the next resource to air. Water can exist in various forms that is gaseous, solid and liquid. A study on the implication of water scarcity on the environment was conducted in Kisarawe village, Kisarawe District.

In order to investigate the above, the following variables were measured; water sources, distribution systems, associated problems and measures being used to minimize the problem. A general survey research design was followed, and the methods of data collection used include; interview~ observation, documentation, questionnaires, and photography. Results indicate that various water sources in Kisarawe village include, dams, wells, boreholes, rivers, rainwater and channels. Results further indicate that decreased standard of education, soil erosion, child Labour, conflicts and inability of soil to support plants have been major problems associated with water scarcity. It was also found that,rainwater harvesting, hand dug wells, rehabilitation of some water sources and rational distribution systems were measures used to minimize water problem. Recommendations include public participation in decision making, increasing water points, education and training of local people, replacing and maintenance of old pipes and tanks, determining water quality for human consumption, banning of activities that pollute water sources, aforestation and re-aforestation,gender equality and population projection on water demand.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Declaration.i

Dedication ii

Acknowledgement iii

Table of contents v

List of diagrams vii

List of tables vii

List of maps vii

List of graphs! chars viii

List of photos viii

Defining key terms ix

Abstract x

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION AND BACK GROUND TO THE STUDY AREA

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Statement of the problem 5

1.3 Research objectives 6

1.4 Significance of the study 7

1.5 Scope of the study 7

1.6 Research questions 7

1.7 Backgroundtothestudy- 8

1.7.1 Location --- 8

1.7.2 Climate 8

1.7.3 Population- 10

1.7.4 Vegetation 11

1.7.5 Geology- 11

V

1.7.6 Relief and Drainage- .12

1.7.7 Land tenure system- 13

1.7.8 Socio -Economic activities--.. 13

1.7.9 Potential plan 13

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Water as a resource and its use to man 14

2.1.1 Surface water 15

2.1.2 Under ground water 16

2.1.3 Composition of Ground water 17

2.1.4 Water sources Regional perspective 18

2.1.5 Water Resource management 21

2.1.6 Water Distribution - 24

2.1.7 Water scarcity (Global perspective) 27

2.7.1 Water scarcity Regional perspective- 27.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research design- 28

3.2 Sampling frame work and sample size 28

3.3 Data collection methods 28

3.4 Limitation of the study 30

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF THE RESEARCH FINDINGS.

1.4 Introduction 31

4.3 water sources in Kisarawe district 31

vi

4.3 Water distribution systems in Kisarawe district 37

4.4 Distribution of water sources 40

4.5 Problems associated with water scarcity 44

4.6 Mitigation measures 50

CHARPTER FIVE

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion 54

5.2. Recommendations 54

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Questionnaires 60

Appendix 2 Converting letter 69

Appendix 3: introductory letter 70

Bibliography 66

List of Diagrams

Diagram 1: Water sources 14

Diagram 2: water Circulation on earth 68

List of tables

Table 1: Average Maximum and minimum temperature (°c) 9

Table 2: Global Water compartment 25

Table 3: Water sources in Kisarawe districts 32

VII

Table 4: Water distribution in Kisarawe village 38

Table 5: Time spent to fetch water 43

Table 6: Causes of water scarcity 45

List of maps

Map 1: Tanzania Mean Annual Rainfall 10

Map 2: Tanzania Main Soil types 12

Map 3: Tanzania major Lakes and Rivers 21

Map 4: Kisarawe Village Resource Map 41

Map 5: Tanzania location of coast Region 67

List of Graphs! Charts

Graph lEarth water and land area coverage 2

Graph 2 water sources in Kisarawe district 32

Graph 3 Distribution of water in village 38

Graph 4Time spent by local people to fetch water 43

Graph 5 causes of water scarcity 45

List of photos

Photo 1: Open water source 34

Photo 2: Part of the forest which have bin cleared 35

Photo 3: Congestion on a water source 44

Photo 4: Soil erosion....................... 47

Photo 5: child Labour............................... 49

Photo 6 A tank used to store water.................... 51

Photo 7: A hand dug well.......................... 52