International Terrorism Threats on National Peace and Stability Among Selected Divisions in Kampala District Uganda

ABSTRACT

This research study was carried out in three divisions of Nakawa, central and Makindye in Kampala district, to find out the existing international terrorism threats on national peace and stability in Uganda. it's guided by three objectives; (i) To establish the existing international terrorism threats on national peace and stability in Uganda. (ii) To assess the achievements and possible failures of security state agencies, in Promoting national peace and security in Uganda. (iii) To establish whether there is a significant relationship between International Terrorism Threats on National Peace and Stability. The study comprised of a target population of 200 as a sample size of 100 was used with respondents' form military officers, police officers, communities, victims of terrorism and suspected terrorists targeting the divisions of Nakawa, Central and Makindye in Kampala district. The data collection instruments were mainly self-administered questionnaires, which comprised of open and close-ended questions on addition o interviews. The researcher used both random and purposive methods in sampling. The findings indicated that most respondents were male with (54%), ranged between 20-39 years of age with (66%), ,ver (50%) had bachelors' in education and majority (60%) had a length of experience between 6-10 rears. The findings on Level of International Terrorism Threats indicated that four ( 4) constructs were measured and rated as follows: Political stability (average Mean=3.05), Trade (average Mean=2.94), ravel and tourism (average Mean=2.99) Human life threat (average mean =3.08) with an overall mean of 1.02 which was rated high. The findings revealed that the majority of people getting involved in intemational terrorism were as a result of ideological perspective (40%) followed by equal percentage of psychological perspective and strategic perspective 30%-30% respectively. Regarding existing international terrorism threats on national peace and stability in Uganda the findings reveal that, security agencies (Army/Police) 24%, Somalis community (16%), other authorities (60%). The findings on -national peace and stability revealed that four items were measured and rated as follows: Poverty average Mean=3.0l); information Sharing (average Mean=2.94); National Border control (average v:lean=2.93); training and technology (average Mean=3.03); with an overall mean of 2.98. it was recommended that; Carrying out regular surveys and inspections of vital installations and establishments 'or purposes of upgrading security measures; Community policing through mobilization and public awareness canmpaign against terrorism; Building capacity through acquisition of specialization equipment and training; Target hardening of vital national infrastructure/installations; Effecting deployments foundation security, domination of venues of major events and foot and motorized patrols); Improvement ,f boarder security through integrated computerized boarder management systems for example the personal identification secure comparison and evaluation systems; Improvement of the passport and registration for the national identity cards; Terrorism in all forms and manifestations constitute one of the most serious threats to international peace and security any acts of terrorism are criminal and unjustifiable regardless of their motivation, whenever and by whosoever committed. A trend towards reinforcing intelligence capabilities need to be underlined both at national level and at that of international organizations; there is a need for strong region cooperation both in the political sense and in the sense of solidarity and also at the operational level. Terrorism poses a real and serious threat to the security and safety of the alliance and its members; need for regional training in modem counter terrorism techniques like in the fight against chemical biological attack and cyber war first among others and need to enhance he regional forensic laboratory to capacity; In this sense, the researcher recommends that no government should make concessions to terrorists and strike no deals. Justice is exercised to terrorists. Isolate and apply pressure on states that sponsor terrorism to force them to change their behavior and bolster the counter terrorism capabilities of countries that work towards against terrorism. Increase publicity of the activities of state sponsor and countries that support terrorism in conjunction with first world states for example U.S. Both International relations theory of Ole RudolfHolsti (1881) and the Classical realism of unkown, Chris (2009) which is a state level theory were proved right, state seek to increase their power.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Declaration ..................................................................................................................................... .i 

Approval ........................................................................................................................................ ii 

Dedication .................................................................................................................................... iii 

Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................ .iv 

Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... v 

Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... vi 

List ofTables .................................................................................................................................. x 

List of Figure ................................................................................................................................. xi 

Acronyms .................................................................................................................................... xii 

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1 

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................ 1 

1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... ! 

1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................... I 

1.1.1. Historical Background ......................................................................................................................... 1 

1.1.2. Theoretical Background ................................................................................................... 3 

1.1.3. Conceptual Background .................................................................................................. .4 

1.1.4. Contextual Background .................................................................................................... 6 

1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................... 6 

1.3 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................................ 8 

1.4 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................................ 8 

1.4.1 General Objectives ............................................................................................................ 8 

1.4.2 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................................ 8 

1.5 Research Questions .................................................................................................................. 8 

1.6 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................................ 9 

1.7 Scope ........................................................................................................................................ 9 

I. 7. I Content Scope ................................................................................................................... 9 

1.7.2 Geographical Scope ........................................................................................................... 9 

1.7.3 Time Scope ........................................................................................................................ 9 

1.8 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................................ 9 

1.9 Operational Definitions of Key Terms .................................................................................. 10 

vi 

CHAPTER TW0 ........................................................................................................................ 12 

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................................................................... 12 

2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 12 

2.1 Theoretical Review ................................................................................................................ 12 

2.1.1 Conceptual framework .................................................................................................... 15 

2.2 International Terrorism Threats ............................................................................................. 16 

2.1.1 Political stability .............................................................................................................. 18 

2.1.2 Trade ................................................................................................................................ 21 

2.1.3 Travel and tourism .......................................................................................................... 24 

2.3 National Peace and stability ................................................................................................... 29 

2.3.1 National peace and stability ........................................................................................... 31 

2.3 .2 Information sharing ......................................................................................................... 34 

2.3.3 National Border control. ................................................................................................. .35 

2.3.4 Training and technology .................................................................................................. 36 

2.4 Related studies ........................................................................................................................ 38 

CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................... 41 

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................. .41 

3.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 41 

3.1 Research Design ..................................................................................................................... 41 

3.2 Research Population .............................................................................................................. .41 

3.3 Sample Size ........................................................................................................................... .41 

3.4 Sampling procedure ................................................................................................................ 43 

3.5 Data collection methods ........................................................................................................ .43 

3.5.1 Interviews ....................................................................................................................... .44 

3.5.2 Questionnaires ................................................................................................................ .44 

3.6 Validity and Reliability ......................................................................................................... .45 

3.7 Data gather Procedures .......................................................................................................... 46 

3. 7. I Before data gathering ..................................................................................................... .46 

3 . 7.2 During data gathering ..................................................................................................... .4 7 

3. 7.3 After data gathering ........................................................................................................ .4 7 

3.8 Data Analysis and presentation ............................................................................................. .48 

Vil 

3.9 Ethical considerations ............................................................................................................ 48 

3.10 Limitation of the Study ....................................................................................................... .49 

CHAPTER FOUR ...................................................................................................................... 51 

DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS ..................................... 51 

4.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 51 

4.1 Description of Respondents ................................................................................................... 51 

4.2 International Te1TOrism Threats ............................................................................................. 53 

4.3 National Peace and stability ................................................................................................... 64 

4.4 Relationship between International Terrorism Threats on National Peace and Stability ...... 77 

CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 79 

DISCUSSIONS, SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............... 79 

5.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 79 

5 .1 Discussions of Findings ......................................................................................................... 79 

5.1.1 Profile of the respondents ................................................................................................ 80 

5.1.2 International Terrorism Threats ....................................................................................... 80 

5.1.3 National Peace and Stability ........................................................................................... 83 

5.2 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 85 

5.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 92 

5.3.1 International Te1Torism Threats ....................................................................................... 92 

5 .3 .2 National Peace and Stability ........................................................................................... 93 

5.4 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 95 

5.5 Areas for fmiher research/studies ......................................................................................... 98 

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 99 

APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................... 103 

Appendix IA: Introduction letter from the college of higher degrees and research ................... 103 

Appendix IB: Acknowledgement letter from the respondents ................................................... 104 

Appendix II: Background information about the respondents for the security organs/agencies105 

Appendix III: Questionnaire to determine national peace and stability ..................................... 108 

Appendix IV: Background information about the respondents for the Ugandan 

community/authorities ......................................................................................... 109 

Appendix v: The adopted Time Frame of the Study .................................................................. 113 

Appendix Vi: Sketch Map of Uganda showing the location of Kampala District (Study Area)l 14