ABSTRACT
Urbanization causes urban expansion, dramatically transforming peri-urban environments and societies. In this process, rural lands are consumed by an expanding city, exploiting the large rent gap between agricultural and urban land. On the basis of the aforementioned reason, understanding peri-urban settlement growth is key to helping city managers develop strategies to curb undesirable development trends around the city’s periphery. To these ends, this study was undertaken to; determine change in land use within peri-urban settlements in the Port Harcourt Metropolis, examine factors responsible for land use changes and problems in the peri-urban areas of Port Harcourt, assess the environmental quality of peri-urban settlements, ascertain the effect of the personality variable (income level) on respondents’ perception of settlement quality, and assess the efficacy of existing regulatory policies and institutions regarding land management in Port Harcourt. The research design used was the Concurrent Triangulation Multisite Mixed Methods Design. This approach involves collecting quantitative and qualitative data to corroborate findings. Data was collected via questionnaire administration and interviews with planning agencies and key informants from the peri-urban settlement (land agents). In all, a total of 304 questionnaires were administered to respondents and the households were selected using systematic probability sampling while settlements were selected using purposive sampling. Analytical technique comprised univariate and bivariate analysis. Furthermore, Statistical test involved using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21 in analysing cross-sectional data from four peri-urban settlements to uncover development drivers and to assess the challenges of these settlements. Another technique employed was map analysis. One hypothesis was also tested in the study which states that there is no a correlation between income level of respondents and their perception of settlement quality. A two-tailed test of significance was conducted and the Spearman’s rho indicated a statistically significant relationship between income of respondents (M = 4.6, SD =1.6) and perception of settlement quality (M = 2.95, SD = 0.84), rs (304) = .87, p < .001, meaning that H0 will be rejected. Squaring the Spearman’s correlation coefficient revealed that 75.6% of the variance in respondents’ perception of settlement quality could be explained by the respondents income level.Furthermore, results show that development constraints imposed by planning institutions such as delay in plan approval and the allocation of Certificates of Occupancy, and the failure of the urban land market to meet housing needs go a long way to influence spatial development on the periphery of the city. In addition, there is the need to evolve programmes that engage local communities and utilize proper neighbourhood plans to curb uncontrolled development in the peripheral parts of Port Harcourt. The study thus concludes with the following recommendations; the use of an integrated approach to land-use management that combines public participation, proper expert systems and GIS in state policies, enactment of the state land use policy, proper implementation of the Rivers State Physical Development Law no. 6 of 2003, and the declaration of these areas as planning areas/preparation of planning schemes for emerging settlements.
K Map of Greater Port Harcourt City 167
J Other Housing Characteristics 166
I Other Respondent Bio-data/Other Household Characteristics 164
H Urban Growth Models 163
G Models of Peri-urbanisation 162
F Peri-urban Development Drivers 161
Development and Physical Planning 159
E Check List for Building Plan Approval in the Ministry of Urban
Applications in GPHCDA 157
D Procedures for Submission of Building Plan for Full Approval
C Interview Schedule for Community Key Informant/Land Agents 156
B Interview Schedule for GPHCDA & MUDPP 155
A Survey Questionnaire for Residents 147
Appendix Page
LIST OF APPENDICES
4.3 Building Constructed Without Setbacks on Akas Road, Rumuekini 97
4.2 Waste Dump along Rumuekini – Aluu Road 95
4.1 Road conditions in Rumuekini and Ozuoba 93
Plate Page
LIST OF PLATES
4.36 Rating of Planning Agencies 97
4.35 Satisfaction with Development Control Activities 97
4.34 Awareness of Building Control Measures 97
4.33 Perception of Settlement Quality 96
4.32 Spatial Distribution of Streets 96
4.31 Neighbourhood Crime Statistics 96
4.30 Waste Disposal Methods in Four Peri-Urban Settlements 95
4.29 Neighbourhood Waste Management 94
4.28 Nuisance in Neighbourhood 94
4.27 Road Conditions 93
4.26 Drainage Quality 92
4.25 Presence of Drainage 92
4.24 Quality of Water Supply 92
4.23 Source of Water Supply 92
4.22 Types of Toilet 91
4.21 Structural Condition of Buildings 89
4.20 Roofing Material 89
4.19 Number of Households in Building 89
4.18 Dwelling Type 88
4.17 Age of Buildings 87
4.16 Nature of Occupancy 87
4.15 Development Permit 86
4.14 Ownership Status 86
4.13 Annual Rent 86
4.12 Ease of Access to Land 85
4.11 Trend in Spatial Expansion of Selected Peri-urban Settlements 84
4.10 Map of Ozuoba Showing Land Use Change/Spatial Expansion 83
4.9 Map of Atali Showing Land Use Change/Spatial Expansion 82
4.8 Map of Eliozu Showing Land Use Change/Spatial Expansion 81
4.7 Map of Rumuekini Showing Land Use Change/Expansion 80
4.6 Length of Stay in Settlements 78
4.5 Ethnic Origin of Respondents 77
4.4 Monthly Income of Respondents 77
4.3 Respondents Employment Status by Settlement 76
4.2 Respondents’ Age Brackets 76
4.1 Respondents Gender by Settlement 75
3.1 Concurrent Strategy of Triangulation 63
Projects 34
2.6 Geographic Concept of European Peri-urbanisation as used in PLUREL
2.5 Built-up Property Formation Process in the Peri-Urban Areas 32
2.4 Land Management Paradigm 28
2.3 Sustainable Infrastructure System Concepts and Theories 26
2.2 Peri-Urban Paradigms-Quality vs. Quality 20
2.1 Dynamics of the Peri-Urban: Urban Expansion 20
1.4 Map of Port Harcourt Showing Selected Study Sites 15
1.3 Rivers State, Showing the Study Area 14
1.2 Nigeria, Showing Study State and Area 14
1.1 Reference Framework for the Study 12
Figure Page
LIST OF FIGURES
5.1 Interview with Development Control Agencies 118
Perception of Settlement Quality 99
4.18 Test of Hypothesis of Relationship between Income Level and
4.17 Perception of Settlement Quality 99
4.16 Respondent's Income 99
4.15 Descriptive Statistics 98
4.14 Management of New Development 98
4.13 Width of Road or Access 94
4.12 Accessibility (Roads) 93
4.11 Public Facilities in Available in Building 91
4.10 Ratings of Building Conditions 90
4.9 Floor Materials 90
4.8 Nature of Building Construction by Peri-Urban Settlement 88
4.7 Desirability of Sprawl 85
4.6 Trend in Spatial Expansion of Selected Peri-urban Settlements 84
4.5 Cumulative Territorial Expansion Area of the Study Settlements 83
4.4 Major Means of Transport to Work 80
4.3 Peri-Urban Settlements Household Size Cross Tabulation 79
4.2 Reason for Choice of Settlement 78
4.1 Respondents Sampled per Peri-Urban Settlement (Retrieved Data) 74
3.2 Key Informants Interview List for the Study 72
3.1 Summary of Samples per Settlements 69
Table Page
LIST OF TABLES
APPENDICES 147
REFERENCES 133
Peri-Urban Settlements 131
6.2.1 Strategies for Promoting Sustainable Land Management Practices in
6.2 Recommendations 131
6.1 Conclusions 129
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.9 Summary of Findings 125
5.8.2 The Rivers State Physical Planning Development Law No 6. of 2003 124
Certificate-of-Occupancy (C of O) 123
5.8.1 Provisions of the Law - Development Control Conditions in the
5.8 Policy Issues 122
5.7.3 Stakeholders in Development Control Agencies 118
Measures 117
5.7.2 Recommendations by Respondents on Improvement of Development Control
Settlements 116
5.7.1 Factors Responsible for Unauthorized Housing Development in the Peri-Urban
5.7 Comments 116
5.6.5 Rating of Planning Agencies 115
5.6.4 Management of New Developments 115
5.6.3 Residents Satisfaction with Development Control activities 115
5.6.2 Awareness of Building Control Measures 114
5.6.1 Building Permits/Approval 114
Management Practices 113
5.6 Assessment of Regulatory Policies, Development Controls and Land
5.5 Settlement Characteristics 110
5.4.5 Nature of Building Construction 108
5.4.4 Number of Households Occupying Dwelling Units 108
5.4.3 Dwelling Type 107
5.4.2 Age of Buildings 107
5.4.1 Nature of Occupancy 107
5.4 Nature/Problems of Peri-urban Settlements – Environmental Quality 106
5.3 Perception of Sprawl 105
5.2.4 Spatial Expansion of Ozuoba Built-up Area 104
5.2.3 Spatial Expansion of Atali Built-up Area 104
5.2.2 Spatial Expansion of Eliozu Built-up Area 104
5.2.1 Trend in Rumuekini Spatial Expansion of Built-up Area 103
5.2 Land use Changes in Peri-urban Settlements 103
5.1.2 Major Drivers of Peri-urbanization of Rumekini, Eliozu, Atali and Ozuoba 101
5.1.1 Factors Responsible for Existing Peri-urbanisation in Port Harcourt 101
5.1 Discussion of Main Findings 101
CHAPTER 5: INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.8 Test of Hypothesis 98
4.7 Development Control 97
4.6.3 Waste Management 94
4.6.2 Accessibility 93
4.6.1 Drainage 92
4.6 Settlement Characteristics 92
4.5.2 Facilities and Services 91
4.5.1 Satisfaction with Structural Condition of Buildings 90
4.5 Nature of Building Construction 89
Settlement Characteristics 85
4.4 Factors Responsible for Existing Peri-urbanization in Port HHhhhhHarcourt/
4.3 Land use Changes and Problems in Peri-urban Settlements 80
4.2.2 Household Characteristics 78
4.2.1 Bio-Data of respondents 75
4.2 Personal Characteristics of Respondents 75
4.1 Retrieval of Administered Questionnaire - Response Rate 74
CHAPTER 4: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
3.5 Data Limitations 73
3.4.2 Spearman Rank Correlation Formula 73
3.4.1 Justification for using Spearman’s Rank Correlation for Analysis 72
3.4 Analytical Techniques 72
3.3.2 Key Informants Interview 71
3.3.1 Techniques used for GIS Mapping 71
3.3 Data Source and Instrumentation 70
3.2.2.2 Sampling 69
3.2.2.1Verification of Sample Size 67
3.2.2 Sample Size 66
3.2.1 Process of Site Selection 65
3.2 Population and Sampling 64
3.1.3 Justification for using a Concurrent Triangulation Mixed Methods Designs 63
3.1.2 Concurrent Triangulation Mixed Methods Design 62
3.1.1 A Multisite Mixed Methods Approach 62
3.1 Research Design 62
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
2.3.1 Land use Dynamics in Peri-urban Areas 58
2.3 Empirical Review 56
Sustainability of Land-use 54
2.2.4.2 Science for Environment Policy (SEP) Indicator List for Monitoring
2.2.4.1 Indicators of Sustainable Land Management 53
2.2.4 Challenges of Sustainable Land Management in Developing Countries 50
2.2.3.2 Peri-urbanisation in Port Harcourt: Challenges 48
Cities 46
2.2.3.1 Efforts Made at Tackling the Problems of Rapid Peri-urbanisation in Nigerian
2.2.3 Peri-urban land use Changes and Problems in Nigeria 45
2.2.2.6 Peri-Urbanisation in Africa 43
2.2.2.5 Peri-urbanisation in South America (The South American Variant) 41
2.2.2.4 Peri-urbanisation in East Asia (The Asian Variant) 39
2.2.2.3 The PLUREL Projects 35
2.2.2.2 Peri-Urbanisation in Europe (The European Variant): The European Trends 33
2.2.2.1 North-American Variant 33
2.2.2 Types of Peri-urbanisation: Peri-urban Variants 33
2.2.1 Driving Forces Behind Peri-urbanisation 31
2.2 Review of Relevant Literature 30
2.1.7 The study paradigm - Pragmatism 29
2.1.6 Models of Sustainable Land Management 26
2.1.5.2 The Urban Realms Theory 24
2.1.5.1 Irregular/Organic Pattern Theory 24
2.1.5 Theories of Urban Structure 23
2.1.4.1 Theory of Urban Attractiveness 22
2.1.4 Theories and Models of Spatial Urban dynamics 21
2.1.3 Peri-Urban Paradigms 20
2.1.2.1 Land Management 19
2.1.2 Land Management and Sustainable Land Management Concepts 19
2.1.1 Peri-Urban Concept 17
2.1 Conceptual/Theoretical Framework. 17
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
1.11.4 Indicator 16
1.11.3 Environmental Quality 16
1.11.2 Definition of Sustainable Land Management 16
1.11.1 Definition of Peri-urban 15
1.11 Definition of Terms 15
1.10 Background Information about the Study Area 13
1.9 .................................................................................................. Structure of Dissertation 10
1.8 Limitations to the Study 10
1.7 Scope of the Study 9
1.6 Justification of the study 8
1.5 Research Hypothesis 8
1.4 Research Questions 7
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study 7
1.2 Statement of the Problem 6
1.1 Background to the Study 1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
List of Abbreviations xvii
List of Appendices xvi
List of Plates xv
List of Figure xiii
List of Tables xii
Table of Contents vii
Dedication vi
Acknowledgement v
Certification iv
Declaration iii
Abstract ii
Title Page i
Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VISIGAH, K. (2018). Peri-urban Settlements and Sustainable Land Management in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Afribary. Retrieved from https://tracking.afribary.com/works/kpobari-peter-visigah-dissertation-final-corrected-june-2017
VISIGAH, KPOBARI "Peri-urban Settlements and Sustainable Land Management in Port Harcourt, Nigeria" Afribary. Afribary, 04 Apr. 2018, https://tracking.afribary.com/works/kpobari-peter-visigah-dissertation-final-corrected-june-2017. Accessed 09 Nov. 2024.
VISIGAH, KPOBARI . "Peri-urban Settlements and Sustainable Land Management in Port Harcourt, Nigeria". Afribary, Afribary, 04 Apr. 2018. Web. 09 Nov. 2024. < https://tracking.afribary.com/works/kpobari-peter-visigah-dissertation-final-corrected-june-2017 >.
VISIGAH, KPOBARI . "Peri-urban Settlements and Sustainable Land Management in Port Harcourt, Nigeria" Afribary (2018). Accessed November 09, 2024. https://tracking.afribary.com/works/kpobari-peter-visigah-dissertation-final-corrected-june-2017