1.0INTRODUCTION
1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Agriculture has been the main stay of Nigerian economy before the Nigeria independence until the era of oil boom. Statistics show that in 1963/64 agriculture provided about 50% of the Gross National Product (GNP) and 88% of the country’s basic foreign exchange earner of crops like palm oil, palm kernels, cocoa, cotton, groundnut, cereal, woods as raw material for their industries.
Although after independence a gradual drift in cities in search of white-collar jobs began and this handicapped the agricultural sector, which lead to a serious decline in agricultural produce, compounding this problem is the oil euphoria, which added more impetus to population drift and neglect thereby leading to Nigeria’s loss of agricultural manpower. Nigeria quickly turned from a food exporting country with bill accounting for 18% in 1979 and more than 26% in 1983. Total import bill at this rate compared with 8.5% in 1971 was a sign of total collapse of the agricultural sector.
It is in realization of the importance of agriculture in overall economic growth and development of any nation that various Nigerian governments (military and civilian administration) decided to take a bold and realistic step to bring agriculture back to its position of prominence in the national economy. Government has played significant roles in Agriculture financing with several strategies towards risk management. Some of these role are:
1.SUBSIDIES: Aimed at encouraging farmers to produce more. The effect of subsidy reduces the cost of production for the producers since they will be required to pay less per unit of farm inputs (fertilizers seeds palm). Also the producers are able to purchase more of these subsidy inputs, which if used intensively as recommended will lead to increased product. The resultant effect would be fall in prices if demand does not increase more than proportionately.
2.AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE: The establishment of the research institute to develop high yielding and the disease resistant seedlings and livestocks. Such research institutes are National Roots Research Institute, Ibadan and Livestock Research Institute Von etc.
3.FARM SETTLEMENT: This was established in early 60’s. It involves the government in the acquisition of land for agricultural production and marketing. By this means farmers were able to get parcels of land from the government without actually paying for the lands in order to enhance their agricultural products.
4.LAND USE DECREE OF 1978: In this year the government promulgated the Land Use Act which sought to vest ownership of land on government. The use of land for agricultural purpose was recognized under this act with a view to eliminating the customers impediment to mechanization.
5.STRATEGIC GRAIN RESERVE: The original target of the federal government was to build up to 250,000 tonnes strategic grain reserves capacity during the 1975 – 80 development plan period. But very unfortunately very little was achieved because of the light domestic market situation.
6.OPERATION FEED THE NATION (OFN): The take-off of operation feed the nation was aimed at boosting food production for the growing nation and to encourage everybody to be involved in farming irrespective of social status but unfortunately this could not live long due to change of government.
7.FINANCIAL INSTITUTION: Research finding has shown that agricultural finance is very important. Based on this the federal government established Nigerian Agricultural Co-operative Bank (NACB) in 1973 to help in managing and financing agricultural production. Commercial banks were also given credit calling by the federal government through the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to contribute towards agricultural financing and also authorized to open up rural branches.
8.AGRICULTURAL CREDIT GUARANTEE SCHEME:
This decree of 1977 No. 20 was established with N100m which 60% of the subscription was made up of the federal government and 40% by Central Bank of Nigeria. This was meant to help farmers in their need necessary to boost agricultural produce and on the other hand to provide guarantee in respect of loans granted by commercial and merchant banks for agricultural purpose with the aim of increasing the level of bank credit to the agricultural sector. The liability to the guaranteed fund is 75% of the amount in default subject to a loan to an individual of N50,000 maximum and co-operative or limited liability company a maximum of N1 million.
Basically, all these programmed/scheme are:
-Aimed towards providing or marking available.
-Investment funds for and improvement of agriculture.
Unfortunately, for various reasons, these measures made only marginal impact on the flow of credit to farmers the main factors on which this death of credit to farmers in the risky nature of agricultural lending. The risks element in commercial and merchant bank lending to farmers is manifested not only in the compulsion to lend long terms and concessionary interest rates which contradict commercial banks lending policy of short terms, self liquidation credit at discretionary rates of interest negotiated by the parties to the loan contract. It is also shown in their fear of default by the borrowers as experience reports points to the existence of a high default rate in rate agricultural credit in Nigeria.
According to OLUMRINDE ONI, the lack of progress achieved in agricultural sectors is because of the risks associated with the agricultural sectors investments.
These risks result from factors such as natural risks (e.g. weather, pest, disasters etc) and social risk (theft, embezzlement, strike, ware change in social structures and technological change) economic risks (price fluctuation, loss or unexpected depreciation of investment change, in price of farm requisite) and personal risks. (e.g. death, old age, sickness, maternity, accidents, employees liability, inability to sell power). The effect of these factors make risk management in agricultural investment not just important but inevitable and indeed very urgent for the success of lenders and suppliers of agricultural finances, also the effect of middle men in the disposition of agricultural produce to the western country has contributed to the risk encountered in agricultural finance in the sense that most of these farmers at their end of the day do not get actual worth of their products because the middle men cut them short as they had to make their own gain from their negotiation of selling of these agricultural products. This necessitates the formation of the boards that amount to this but still they had little or no effect as themselves deviate from their scheme of work.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE:
1.0Introduction
1.1Background of the study
1.2Statement of the problem
1.3Objectives of the study
1.4Significance of the study
1.5Statement of hypothesis
1.6Research Question
1.7Scope and Limitation of the study
1.8Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO:
2.0Literature review
2.1Project Management
2.2Management Techniques
2.3Role of Finance in Agricultural development
2.4Risk in agriculture
2.5Poverty alleviation through agriculture
2.6Farmer defence against risk and uncertainty
2.7Uncertainty precautions
CHAPTER THREE:
3.0Research design and methodology
3.1Source of data
3.2Source of primary data
3.3Source of secondary data
3.4Literature question
3.5Sample used
CHAPTER FOUR:
4.0Data presentation and analysis
4.1Presentation of data
4.2Analysis of data
4.3Test of hypothesis
4.4Interpretation of result
CHAPTER FIVE:
5.0Summary of finding
5.1Discussion of finding
5.2Conclusion
5.3Recommendation
Bibliography
Appendices