Background of the Study
The increasing awareness of the need for sustainable alternatives in daily household products has led to a growing interest in using locally available raw materials for soap production. One such material is the groundnut seed, which is rich in oil and widely cultivated in many developing countries, particularly in
sub-Saharan Africa, where it contributes significantly to local economies (Olanrewaju, 2022). Groundnut oil has traditionally been used in food processing and cosmetics, but its saponifiable properties also make it suitable for producing bar soap that meets hygiene and cleanliness standards.
Modern soap production relies heavily on imported synthetic surfactants, many of which are derived from nonrenewable petroleum-based compounds. These commercial products often pose environmental hazards and may contain ingredients that cause skin irritation or allergies after prolonged use (Ekpenyong,
2023). As a result, there is increasing scientific interest in formulating soaps from biodegradable and skin-friendly substances like plant-based oils. Groundnut oil, with its triglyceride-rich composition, offers a renewable and less irritat-
ing alternative for bar soap formulation.
The process of converting groundnut oil into soap involves the chemical reaction of oil with an alkali in a process known as saponification. This reaction produces soap and glycerin, both of which are valuable for personal and industrial use.
Groundnut oil contains significant amounts of oleic and linoleic acids, which enhance the moisturizing and cleansing properties of the soap when properly formulated and balanced (Ibrahim, 2021). Its high oil yield and chemical stabil-
ity make it a promising substitute for more expensive oils like coconut or palm
kernel in bar soap production.
In rural and semi-urban communities, the production of soap from groundnut oil
can contribute to income generation and reduce dependence on imported products. With the right technique, groundnut oil-based bar soap can be produced at a low cost while retaining excellent foaming and cleansing properties that
appeal to both domestic and commercial users (Chika, 2023). This promotes both entrepreneurship and hygiene awareness among populations with limited access to manufactured cleaning products.
Another advantage of groundnut seed-derived soap is its potential contribution
to environmental sustainability, as its production utilizes agricultural waste and reduces chemical pollution. Unlike industrial soap processes that discharge hazardous effluents, groundnut-based soap production is less energy-intensive
and generates fewer pollutants when carried out under controlled conditions (Adeyemo, 2023). This aligns with global efforts to promote green chemistry and local solutions to hygiene-related challenges, especially in resource-limited
settings.