TOXIN ASSOCIATED WITH DIARRHEAL DISEASES

INTRODUCTION

Toxins are poisonous substances produced within living cells or organisms and can include various classes of small molecules or proteins that cause disease on contact. The severity and type of diseases caused by toxins can range from minor effects to deadly effects. The organisms which are capable of producing toxins include bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants. Some of the major types of toxins include, but are not limited to, environmental, marine, and microbial toxins. Microbial toxins may include those produced by the bacteria and fungi (i.e. mycotoxins). Bacterial toxins are toxic substances that are produced and released by bacteria to target other bacterial or host cells. Bacteria often have antitoxins to avoid the deleterious effects of toxins.Toxigenesis, or the ability to produce toxins, is an underlying mechanism by which many bacterial pathogens produce disease. At a chemical level, there are two main types of bacterial toxins, lipopolysaccharides, which are associated with the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, and proteins, which are released from bacterial cells and may act at tissue sites removed from the site of bacterial growth. The cell-associated toxins are referred to as endotoxins and the extracellular diffusible toxins are referred to as exotoxins

                                         TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                    i

Certification                                                                                                               ii

Dedication                                                                                                                 iii

Acknowledgement                                                                                                     iv

Table of content                                                                                                        v

List of table                                                                                                              vi

List of figures                                                                                                           Vii

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………...1-6

MECHANISMS OF BACTERIAL TOXIN……………………………………...7-8

TYPES OF TOXIN………………………………………………………………..8-14

CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROBIAL TOXIN……………………………….15-16

DIARRHOEA……………………………………………………………………..17

METHOD OF DIAGNOSIS OF DIARRHEA…………………………………….17-18

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIARRHOEA …………………………………………….18-20

SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH DIARRHEA………………………………...21-22

CLASSIFICATION OF DIARRHEA ………………………………………………23-29

MECHANISMS OF DIARRHEA PRODUCTION………………………………..30-33

PREDISPOSING FACTORS TO FORMATION OF DIARRHOEA………………34-35

MECHANISMS OF DIARRHOEAGENIC TOXINS……………………………….36-40

MANAGEMENT OF DIARRHOEA…………………………………………………42-45

PREVENTION AND CONTROL…………………………………………………....46-48

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………..49

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………....50-56