Understanding Technological and Managerial Factors contributing on the Performance of Traceability Systems in the Fish Supply Chain, the case study of Tanzania

Table of contents

Preface ...................................................................................................................................... ii

Executive summary .................................................................................................................. iii

Table of contents ....................................................................................................................... iv

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ v

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. vi

Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................. 1

Background information ......................................................................................................... 1

1.1 General Introduction to the problem .............................................................................. 1

1.2 Problem Feeling and motivation for the study ............................................................... 1

1.3 Problem definition .......................................................................................................... 2

1.4 General Research objective ............................................................................................ 2

Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................. 3

Theory Analysis and Model Introduction ............................................................................... 3

2.1 The Techno-Managerial (TM) Concept .......................................................................... 3

2.2 The Meaning of Traceability (Track and Tracing) Systems ........................................... 3

2.3 Characteristics of traceability systems ........................................................................... 5

2.3.1 Types of traceability systems ................................................................................... 5

2.3.2 Interactions between traceability and other management systems .......................... 6

2.4 Information in traceability systems ................................................................................. 8

2.4.1 Types of traceability information ............................................................................. 9

2.5 Traceability information requirements in the fish supply chain ................................... 10

2.6 Instrument to measure effectiveness of quality management IMAQE-Food ................ 11

2.7 Elements of the traceability system ............................................................................... 12

2.7.1 Traceability Objectives and strategies ................................................................... 13

2.7.2 Traceability system design ..................................................................................... 15

2.7.3 Traceability system performance ........................................................................... 18

2.7.4 Product and Process Characteristics of Agricultural FSCN ................................. 19

2.7.5 Food Supply chain complexity ............................................................................... 23

2.7.6 Organisations characteristics/complexity ............................................................. 26

2.8 Execution of traceability system ................................................................................... 29

2.8.1 Motivation .............................................................................................................. 29

2.8.2 Training and communication ................................................................................. 30

2.9 General research question ............................................................................................ 31

2.10 Specific research question .......................................................................................... 31

2.11 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................... 31

Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................................ 32

Traceability system performance from Techno-managerial approach ............................... 32

3. 1 Description of the conceptual research model ............................................................ 32

3.2 Indicators of the research model .................................................................................. 33

3.2.1 Indicators for product complexity .......................................................................... 35

3.2.2 Indicators for production process complexity ....................................................... 37

3.2.3 Indicators for fish supply chain complexity ........................................................... 38

3.2.4 Indicators for organisation complexity .................................................................. 39

3.2.5 Indicators for traceability system requirements .................................................... 40

3.2.6 Indicators for traceability system design ............................................................... 41

3.2.7 Indicators for execution of traceability system ...................................................... 44

3.2.8 Indicators for traceability system performance ..................................................... 46

3.2.9 Indicators for food safety level .............................................................................. 47

3.3 Influencing factor, Operational indicators and questions ............................................ 47

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Chapter 4 ................................................................................................................................ 53

Research Methodology ........................................................................................................... 53

4.1Type of research ............................................................................................................. 53

4.2. Short descriptions of the selected companies .............................................................. 53

4.2.1Sea Products Ltd (Tanga region) ............................................................................ 53

4.2.2 Nile Perch Fisheries Ltd (Mwanza region) ........................................................... 53

4.2.3. Tanzania Fish Processors (TFP - Mwanza region) .............................................. 53

4.2.4 Vicfish Ltd (Mwanza region) ................................................................................. 54

4.3. Criteria for Selection of Companies ............................................................................ 54

4.4. Indicators ..................................................................................................................... 55

4.5 Method of information collection.................................................................................. 55

4.6 Duration ........................................................................................................................ 55

Chapter 5 ................................................................................................................................ 56

Results and discussion ........................................................................................................... 56

5.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................. 56

5.2 Results and discussion .................................................................................................. 56

5.2.1 Product complexity ................................................................................................ 56

5.2.2 Production process complexity .............................................................................. 57

5.2.3 Food supply chain complexity ............................................................................... 58

5.2.4 Organisation characteristics/complexity ............................................................... 58

5.2.5 Traceability system requirements .......................................................................... 59

5.2.6 Traceability system design ..................................................................................... 60

5.2.7 Traceability system Execution ............................................................................... 62

5.2.8 Traceability system performance ........................................................................... 63

5.2.9 Food safety level .................................................................................................... 64

5.3 Identification of Bottlenecks ......................................................................................... 64

5.3.1 High usage of paper based traceability system ..................................................... 64

5.3.2 Low degree of commitment from top management ................................................ 65

Chapter 6 ................................................................................................................................ 67

Evaluation of Solutions for the Identified bottlenecks ......................................................... 67

6.1 Solutions for high usage of paper based traceability system .................................... 67

6.2 Solutions for Low degree of commitment from top management ............................. 71

Chapter 7 ................................................................................................................................ 74

Evaluation .............................................................................................................................. 74

7.1 Evaluation of the models and theories .......................................................................... 74

7.2 Evaluation of the research model ................................................................................. 74

7.3 Evaluation of the Analysis ............................................................................................ 74

7.4 Intervention role of the researcher ............................................................................... 75

7.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 75

7.6 Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 76

7: References .......................................................................................................................... 77

8. Appendices .......................................................................................................................... 81

List of Figures

Figure 2-1 Track and Tracing (Van der Vorst et al., 2003) .................................................................. 4

Figure 2-2: Internal traceability (EAN.UCC, 2005) ............................................................................. 5

Figure 2-3. External traceability (EAN.UCC, 2005) ............................................................................. 6

Figure 2-4 Hazard Analysis (Mortimore S, 2001) ................................................................................. 7

Figure 2-5 Risk matrixes to guide decisions for implementation of traceability (FSA, 2002) ............... 7

Figure 2-6 the basic components of information in a traceability system (Moe, 1998) ........................ 9

Figure 2-7: The IMAQE- Food model (Van der Spiegel, 2004) ......................................................... 12

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Figure 2-8. Traceability system parameters Kousta (2006) ................................................................ 13

Figure 2-9: Effect of temperature on the Shewanella putrefaciens (Dalgaard, 1994) ........................ 23

Figure 2.10.An example of a generic netchain (Lazzarini et al., 2001)............................................... 24

Figure 2-11.Transitions from open-market negotiations to collaboration (Spekman et al., 1998) ..... 24

Figure 2-12: Demersal Fish Distribution Chain in UK (Tracefish, 2001) .......................................... 25

Figure 2-13 Quality based model (Ivancevich, 1994) ......................................................................... 27

Figure 2-14. The motivation process (Meyer et al., 2004) .................................................................. 29

Figure 2-15 SCMR Model of communication (Koelen and Van den Ban, 2004) ................................. 31

Figure 3-1 The Conceptual Research model ....................................................................................... 34

Figure 3-2: Risk level and traceability, based on Van der Vorst (2003) ............................................. 36

Figure 3-3: Individual database traceability system (Petersen and Green, 2005) .............................. 43

Figure 3-4: Centralised database traceability system (Petersen and Green, 2005) ........................... 43

List of Tables

Table 2-1: Traceability information requirements (Perez et al., (2003) in Luten et al., (2003) ......... 10

Table 2-2 EAN.UCC traceability Implementation Grid EAN.UCC (2003) ......................................... 16

Table 2-3 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of T&T systems (Marshall, 2004) ......... 17

Table 3-1: Assessment of the risk level of the product (FSA, 2002) .................................................... 36

Table 3-2: Comparison of 3 data carrier tools (as adapted from Ayalew et al, 2006; Kousta, 2006) 41

Table 3-3: Indicators, assumptions and questions from the research model....................................... 47

Table 4-1: summary of selected companies ......................................................................................... 54

Table 4-2: Revised European Commission definition for SME ........................................................... 54

Table 5-1: Summary of the results for product complexity .................................................................. 56

Table 5-2: Summary of the results for production process complexity ............................................... 57

Table 5-3: Summary of the results for fish supply chain complexity ................................................... 58

Table 5-4: Summary of the results for organisation characteristics/complexity ................................. 58

Table 5-5A: Summary of the results for traceability system requirements .......................................... 59

Table 5-5B: Summary of T&T system registrations in visited fish processing companies .................. 59

Table 5-6: Summary of the results for traceability system design ....................................................... 60

Table 5-7: Summary of the results for traceability system execution .................................................. 62

Table 5-8A: Summary of the results for traceability system performance ........................................... 63

Table 5-8B Summary of Simulation process ........................................................................................ 63

Table 5-9: Summary of the results for food safety level....................................................................... 64

Table 6-1 Summary of identified bottlenecks and alternative solution for each bottleneck