TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 3
Objective 6
Chapter 1: The trust concept 10
1.1 A brief history of the origins of trust 10
1.2 Development through legislation 11
1.3 What is a trust? 13
1.4 Development through case law 14
Chapter 2: The elements of a valid trust 20
2.1 The essential elements for creation of a valid trust 20
2.2 Intention to create a trust 23
2.2.1 Intention manifested by the deed – form 24
2.2.2 Intention manifested by administration – substance 25
Chapter 3: The courts’ approach to providing equitable remedies 27
3.1 The Parker case 27
3.2 The Badenhorst cases 30
3.3 The Britz case 34
3.4 Translocation of company law principles into trust law 36
3.5 The Van der Merwe case 38
3.6 Challenging the trust on the basis of contract law 39
3.7 Offshore case law 41
Chapter 4: The doctrines of sham and substance-over-form 43
4.1 What is a sham? 43
4.2 Substance-over-form 47
Chapter 5: Conclusions 53
Bibliography 59
STEPHENS, A (2021). When To Cry, “Sham!”. Afribary. Retrieved from https://tracking.afribary.com/works/when-to-cry-sham
STEPHENS, ANTHEA "When To Cry, “Sham!”" Afribary. Afribary, 15 May. 2021, https://tracking.afribary.com/works/when-to-cry-sham. Accessed 24 Nov. 2024.
STEPHENS, ANTHEA . "When To Cry, “Sham!”". Afribary, Afribary, 15 May. 2021. Web. 24 Nov. 2024. < https://tracking.afribary.com/works/when-to-cry-sham >.
STEPHENS, ANTHEA . "When To Cry, “Sham!”" Afribary (2021). Accessed November 24, 2024. https://tracking.afribary.com/works/when-to-cry-sham