Brief History of MicroscopyPrinciple of Compound MicroscopyParts of Microscopes and their FunctionsProcedure for Microscope OperationPrinciple of Centrifugation and ElectrophoresisFactors Affecting CentrifugationTypes of CentrifugeElectrophoresisChromatographyColumn ChromatographyPaper ChromatographyRF ValueFiltration and SpectroscopyTypes of FiltrationApplication of FiltrationSpectroscopy
Measurement of Microbial GrowthMicrobial EnzymeFeatures of EnzymeFactors that Affect Mobilization of EnzymeAdvantages of Microbial EnzymeFactors of Enzyme ActionMeasurement of Cell MassMeasurement of Cell ActivityOnline Estimation of Microbial Growth
Immobilization of EnzymesApproaches to Enzyme ImmobilizationApplication of Industrial EnzymesMicrobial EnzymesTypes of EnzymesBasic Functions of an EnzymeCharacteristics of EnzymesClassificationSources of EnzymesSelection of Microorganisms for Enzyme ProductionAdvantages of Microbial EnzymesProduction of EnzymesMethods of Cultivating Microorganisms for Enzymes ProductionPurification of Microbial EnzymesMechanism of Enzyme ActionModels of the Enzyme-Substrate ComplexFactors Affecting Enzyme Ac...
Closed System (Batch Culture)Open System (Continuous Culture)Fed Batch SystemFactors Affecting the Growth of OrganismCultivation of MicroorganismDisadvantages of Solid MediaLiquid MediumGrowth KineticsMeasurement or Determination of Microbial GrowthATP BiolumetryBiosynthesis of Macromolecules (Protein & DNA)TranslationRequirement Necessary for TranslationInitiationBiosynthesis of Nucleic AcidBiosynthesis of PurinesFormation of NucleicDNARNAPyrimidine BiosynthesisRegulation of a Biosynthesis P...
Polymers form a very important class of materials without which life would have been very difficult. They are all around us in everyday use, in rubber, in plastic, in resins and in adhesives and in adhesive tapes. Polymers are giant molecules of higher molecular weight called a macromolecule which are built up by linking together of a large number of small molecules called monomers. The reaction by which the monomers combine to form polymers is called Polymerisation.
RESPIRATORY PATHWAYS OF MICROORGANISMS CELLULAR/AEROBIC RESPIRATIONGLYCOLYSISTRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLETHE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM/CHAINCHEMIOSMOSISANAEROBIC RESPIRATIONDIVERSITY OF MICROORGANISMSELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINELECTRON ACCEPTORS AND ENERGY CONSERVATIONTYPES OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATIONSFERMENTATIONPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF FERMENTATIONECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF FERMENTATION TYPES OF FERMENTATION
METHODS USED FOR STUDYING MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY
Passive TransportActive TransportGroup Translocation
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDINE RIBONUCLEOTIDESRegulation of Pyrimidine SynthesisCatabolism of pyrimidine nucleotideSalvage PathwayDisorders of Pyrimidine Metabolism
Concept of ImmunologyThe Normal Immune Response in the BodyInnate Defence MechanismInteraction of Nutrition, Immunity, and InfectionImmunogenes and AntigensFactors Affecting ImmunogenicityImmunoglobulinsStructure of ImmunoglobulinsComplementsGeneral Features/Properties of Complement SystemPathways of Complement ActivationConsequences of Complement ActivationInflammationBiology Activity of Complement FragmentsRegulation of Complement ActivityComplement Fixation TestPractical Application of the...
Type IType IIType IIIType IV
It is believed that the birds arose from a lineage of reptiles. A fossil was discovered having the size of a crow with a skull not unlike that of modern birds except that the beaklike jaws bore small bony teeth in sockets like those of reptiles. The skeleton is that if a reptile with a long bony tail, clawed fingers and abdominal ribs. There was the presence of imprint of feathers and it was the Archaeorptorex lithographica.
Organisms living in aquatic ecosystems are dependent on the resources of their environment. Biological communities including the type of animals present and their relative abundance are also shaped through the interactions with other organisms. All living organisms need water, energy, carbon, nutrients and oxygen to stay alive, grow and reproduce. Living organisms differ in their specific environment and in the process they secure their essientials.
Thorax is the second and middle tagma which is three segmented, prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax. Meso and Metathrorax with wings are called ptethorax . Thorax is made up of three sclerotic plates namely, dorsal body plate, ventral body plate and lateral body plate.
Pesticides are among the most extensively used chemicals in the world today and they are among the most hazardous compounds to humans today. Pesticides are toxic by design and hazardous to humans, animals and other organisms in the environment. Pesticides cause several toxicities to humans and other animals. Some pesticides are neurotoxic, others are cytoxic, some are nephrotoxic, others are hepatotoxic others are imunotoxic and some are genotoxic.